3 November 1993 (day 307)

(00 - 06 UT)

Storm Regime

Pre-DST-positive phase

Commentary

Unusually quiet and uniform conditions in all regions of magnetosphere and ionosphere. Limited interplanetary field and plasma observations indicate weak, probably, northward field conditions and tenuous, slow plasma flow (D. Knipp and contributing scientists).

Interplanetary Plasma, Field, and Satellite Location

Plasma
- Interplanetary plasma flow speed observed intermittantly at ~ - 280 km/s (Data from A. Lazarus).
Field
- Interplanetary field orientation from IMP-8: (Data provided by R. Lepping).
  
  Bx ~ 8nT,
  By ~ -5 nT,
  Bz ~ 5 nT
Satellite location
- IMP-8 location in GSM: (M. Nakamura)
  
  X~ -25Re,
  Y~ 29Re,
  Z = ??
- NSSDC boundary model indicates IMP-8 in duskside magnetosheath.
- GEOTAIL in dawn-side magnetosphere GSM: (M. Nakamura)
  
  X~ -206Re,
  Y ~ -18.5Re

Indices and Estimated Geophysical Parameters

Cosmic Ray (Neutron Monitor) Indices near 100% all stations

Daily Ap: 15, Hourly Ap ?? (Avg)

Kp Sum: 15-, Kp in 0 to 1- range

Polar Cap Index(PCI): 0 nT

Auroral Boundary Index(ABI): 67 deg

DST: -2 nT (Avg)

AMIE estimates (D. Knipp and B. Emery).
- AE: 100 nT (avg), Peak value of ~ 400 nT at ~ 02 UT,
- Polar Cap Voltage: 25 kV (avg),
- Hemispheric Particle Power: 5 GW (avg),
- Joule Heating: ?? GW (avg)

Magnetosphere

Beyond Geosynchronous Orbit - no data

Geosynchronous Orbit

Plasmasphere refilled to large radii at all local times, typical of quiet times and indicative of weak magnetospheric convection (MPA).
Low ion pressure in plasmasheet(MPA).
Low penetrating energetic particle background(MPA).
Night-side magnetosphere field line orientation unusually dipolar(MPA).
Energetic particle drift orbits unusual(SOPA).
High energy electrons present at geosynchronous orbit (LANL MPA and SOPA Team, J. Borovsky and M. Thompson).
High energy electrons present at geosynchronous orbit (GOES, H. Singer).

Below Geosynchronous Orbit

Normal outer radiation belt relativistic electron distribution, no significant flux variations (SAMPEX and GPS, X. Li and T. Cayton).

Magnetospheric Modeling

Magnetospheric Specification Model (MSM) equilibrating
(J. Freeman et al.)

Inner Plasmasphere

Inner plasmasphere quiet (G. Hoogeveen)

Ionosphere

Space-based

DMSP cross polar cap voltages ~ 25-30 kV (M. Hairston).
DMSP and NOAA particles indicate extremely contracted oval
(Data from F. Rich and D. Evans, interpretation by D. Knipp).

Ground-based

Australian Ionospheric Sounders Quiet (P. Wilkinson).
Night-side ionosphere unusually stratified, very limited horizontal variations.
Mid America Computerized ionospheric tomography Experiment (MACE) Chain at 260 deg Geographic Longitude and 25 deg - 50 deg Geographic Latitude
(G. Bust and ??).
Ground Magnetometers extremely quiet (assimilated for AMIE, D. Knipp and B. Emery).
Ionospheric Mapping/Modeling
- Extremely quiet convection and conductance patterns as mapped from the Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (AMIE) procedure.
  (D. Knipp and B. Emery).

(06 - 17 UT)

Storm Regime

Pre-DST-positive phase

Commentary

Unusually quiet and nearly uniform conditions in all regions of magnetosphere and ionosphere. More plentiful observations of interplanetary field and plasma conditions from IMP-8 and GEOTAIL indicate weak, probably northward field conditions but more dense and slightly faster plasma flow than prior to 06 UT. During this interval ion and electron pressure anisotropies developed in plasmasheet and DST became significantly positive. (D. Knipp and contributing scientists)

Interplanetary Plasma, Field, and Satellite Location

Plasma
- IMP-8 recorded sudden increase in plasma density at 06 UT
- Interplanetary plasma speed at IMP-8 were 275-300 km/s
  (Data from A. Lazarus)
- GEOTAIL also recorded a sudden increase at approximately the
  same time (considering propagation time)
- Interplanetary anstisunward speeds at GEOTAIL were 300-350 km/s
  (M. Nakamura, and T. Mukai)
Field -Interplanetary field orientation: (Data from R. Lepping,S. Kokubun, Interpretation by M. Nakamura)
- --Bx ~ positve trending to neutral
- --By ~ negative trending to neutral
- --Bz ~ 5 nT
Satellite location
- IMP-8 location at 12 UT in GSM Coord (Re): X= -26, Y= 25, Z= -11
  NSSDC boundary model indicates IMP-8 in duskside magnetosheath
- GEOTAIL in dawnside Magnetotail near X= ~ -206 Re

Indices and Estimated Geophysical Parameters

Cosmic Ray (Neutron Monitor) Indices near 100% all stations

Daily Ap: 15, Hourly Ap ?? (Avg)

Kp Sum: 15-, Kp in 2 to 3 range

Hemispheric Power Index ??

Polar Cap Index: 1 nT, Auroral Boundary Index 67 deg

DST rising from 0 to 25 nT (Solar Geophysical Data and other sources)

AMIE estimates (D. Knipp and B. Emery).
- AE: 100 nT (avg),
- Polar Cap Voltage: 30 kV (avg),
- Hemispheric Particle Power: 5 GW (avg),
- Joule Heating: 5 GW (avg)

Magnetosphere

Beyond Geosynchronous Orbit - no data

Geosynchronous Orbit

Plasmasphere still refilled to large radii at all local times, typical of quiet times and indicative of weak, unstructured magnetospheric convection (MPA).
Large morningside anisotropies in ion and electron plasmasheet,
Pperp > Ppara(MPA).
Penetrating energetic particle background remained low (MPA).
Substorm candidates at 08-09 UT and 12 UT (MPA)??
High energy electrons present at geosynchronous orbit (MPA & GOES),
(J. Borovsky, M. Thompson, and H. Singer)

Below Geosynchronous Orbit

Normal outer radiation belt relativistic electron distribution, no significant flux variations (SAMPEX & GPS, X. Li and T Cayton)

Magnetospheric Modeling

Magnetospheric Specification Model (MSM) still equilibrating: (J. Freeman et al.)

Inner Plasmasphere

Inner plasmasphere quiet (G. Hoogeveen)

Ionosphere

Space-based

DMSP cross polar cap voltages ~ 25-30 kV (M. Hairston).
DMSP and NOAA particles indicate extremely contracted oval. (Data from F. Rich and D. Evans, interpretation by D. Knipp)

Ground-based

Australian Ionospheric Sounders Quiet (P. Wilkinson).
Night-side ionosphere unusually stratified, very limited horizontal variations.
Mid America Computerized ionospheric tomography Experiment (MACE) Chain at 260 deg Geographic Longitude and 25 deg - 50 deg Geographic Latitude (G. Bust and ??).
Ground Magnetometers extremely quiet (assimilated for AMIE, D. Knipp and B. Emery).
Ionospheric Mapping/Modeling
- Extremely quiet convection and conductance patterns as mapped from the Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (AMIE) procedure (D. Knipp and B. Emery).

(17 - 22 UT)

Storm Regime

DST-positive (but decreasing) phase

Commentary

Shock passage observed by IMP-8 and GEOTAIL, field strength and density rose sharply (timing from both satellites consistent with 1745 UT passage at earth). Field orientation changed, perhaps indicative of sector boundary crossing. Bx and By changed orientation at beginning of interval.
Sudden Commencement (SC) indicated at 1720 UT. Short-lived, multiple north-southward field turnings; isolated substorm followed. Spike in geomagnetic activity recorded after 18 UT. Field returned northward and geomagnetic activity as recorded at ground and low-earth orbit abated.
DST declined from peak value but remained positive until 23 UT. Observations of magnetospheric plasma reconfiguration began around 18 UT. At 21 UT IMP-8 and GEOTAIL observed slight southward turnings followed by a northward turning but ground magnetic response seemed limited to dayside and was very weak.
(D. Knipp and contributing scientists)

Interplanetary Plasma, Field, and Satellite Location

Plasma

IMP-8 recorded probable shock passage at 1757-1803 UT, consistent with earth passage at ~1745 UT
IMP-8 plasma density quadrupled
IMP-8 interplanetary plasma speeds rose from 280 km/s to 320 km/s with shock passage, subsequently speeds rose to 360 km/s
(Data from A. Lazarus, Interpretation by D. Knipp)
GEOTAIL recorded a sudden plasma denisty increase (density doubled) at 1830 UT, consistent with earth passage at 1745 UT,
Interplanetary plasma speed at GEOTAIL rose from 300 km/s to 350 km/s with shock passage
Minor plasma flow angle changes occured with and after shock passage
(Data: T. Mukai, Interpretation: M. Nakamura, D. Knipp)

Field

GEOTAIL field intensity jumped from 4 nT to 15 nT with shock passage
GEOTAIL made brief entry into magnetosphere, indicating a magnetotail "flapping" with shock passage
Possible sector boundary crossing at 1745 UT

--Bx changed sign becoming predominantly negative
--By changed sign becoming predominantly positive
--Bz performed one full oscillation between 1700 UT and 1930 UT,orientation was N-S-N-S-N, with increasing amplitude at each sign change,
Field predominantly northward from 20 UT-22 UT
(Data:S. Kokubun, Interpretation: M. Nakamura and D. Knipp)

IMP-8 data more intermittant but provides same general picture,
Sign changes and oscillations observed by GEOTAIL also observed
by IMP-8 with consistent timing if propagation effects taken into
account.
IMP-8 observed a brief southward field turning at 21 UT,
simultaneously GEOTAIL observed the field become less northward.
No effects in the AMIE convection patterns were noted.
(Data from R. Lepping, Interpretation by D. Knipp)
Satellite Locations
- IMP-8 location in GSM Coord (Re): X ~ -30, Y ~ 23, Z = ??
  NSSDC boundary model indicates IMP-8 in duskside magnetosheath
- GEOTAIL in dawn-side magnetosphere GSM (Re): X~ -206, Y~ -18.5
  (M. Nakamura)

Indices and Estimated Geophysical Parameters

Cosmic Ray (Neutron Monitor) Indices near 100% all stations

Sudden Commencement at ~1755 UT, indicated by multiple ground magnetometer stations:

Daily Ap: 15
Hourly Ap ?? (Avg)
Kp Sum: 15-
Kp in 3 to 4 range
Polar Cap Index = 3 nT
Auroral Boundary Index = 63-61-63 deg
Dst dropping from 20 to 5 nT
Hemispheric Power Index (HPI): ??
(Solar Geophysical Data and other sources)

AMIE estimates:
- AE: Sharp rise and fall with shock passage and Bz oscillation 100nT to 650 nT to 150 nT
- Polar Cap Voltage: Polar Cap Voltage rose and decreased: 30 kV to 80 kV to 35 kV
- Hemispheric Particle Power: 30 GW (avg)
- Joule Heating: 10 to 100 to 30 GW (avg)
  (B. Emery and D. Knipp and J. Freeman)

Magnetosphere

Beyond Geosynchronous Orbit - no data
Geosynchronous Orbit
- At 18 UT super-dense plasmasheet appears at midnight MLT (MPA)
- Super-dense plasma front propagates via dusk-side path to dayside over subsequent 8 hr interval (MPA)
- Large morning-side anisotropies in ion and electron plasmasheet, Pperp > Ppara (MPA)
- Penetrating energetic particle background remained low (MPA)
- High energy electrons present at geosynchronous orbit (MPA & GOES)) (LANL MPA and SOPA Team, J. Borovsky, M. Thompson, &??H. Singer)
Below Geosynchronous Orbit
- Enhancement of precipitating relativisitic electrons at L= 6-8 (SAMPEX)
- Slight 200-400 keV electrons at L = 7 -9 (GPS )
Magnetospheric Modeling
- MSM indicates particle injection at geosynchronous?? orbit at 18 UT??
- MSM indicates electron (10 - 35 keV) and ?? keV proton buildup post-midnight (J. Freeman et al.)

Inner Plasmasphere

Inner Plasmasphere quiet (not observed?) (G. Hoogeveen)

Ionosphere

Space-based

DMSP cross polar cap voltages ~ 30kV to 60 kV to 40 kV (M. Hairston)
DMSP and NOAA particles indicate extremely contracted oval (Data: F. Rich and D. Evans, Interpretation: by D. Knipp)

Ground-based

Sudden Commencment noted by the following Ground Magnetic Observatories:
- Fredericksburg 1755 UT
- Beijing 1757 UT
- Hyderabad 1755 UT
- Etaiyapuram 1756 UT
- Canberra 1755 UT
- Martin De Vivies 1756 UT
- Port Aux Francais 1755 UT
- Dumont D'Urville 1755 UT
  (Solar Geophysical Data)

Ionospheric Mapping/Modeling

Normal two cell convection pattern (AMIE and MSM) and expanded conductance pattern (AMIE) from 1730 UT- 1930 UT
AMIE equivalent current patterns show clear responses to Bz oscillations
Cross polar cap voltage peaks at 80 kV shortly after 19 UT (D. Knipp, B. Emery and J. Freeman)
Polar Cap Voltage began a rapid rise at 18 UT, reaching about 80 kV. Between 1930 UT and 2030 UT the potential dropped back to 40 kV (D. Weimer)

(22 - 23 UT)

Storm Regime

DST-positive (but decreasing) phase

Commentary

At 22 UT both satellites sensing the interplanetary field observed a significant southward turning of interplanetary field.
Plasma densities began to rise. Subsequently the magnetotail made a brief excursion over the GEOTAIL location causing a short loss of interplanetary data.
Global response to the southward field show up as early as 2210 UT in the AMIE maps.
(D. Knipp and contributing scientists)

Interplanetary Plasma, Field, and Satellite Location

Plasma
- IMP-8 observed plasma speed increase from 350 km/s to 400 km/s (Data from A. Lazarus)
- GEOTAIL observed the interplanetary flow speed in the anti-sunward direction increase shortly after 22 UT from 400 km/s to 450 km/s (M. Nakamura and T. Mukai).
Field
- Interplanetary total magnetic field strength became unsteady and then increased at both satellites.
- IMP-8 observed interplanetary field turn southward just prior to 22 UT (Data from R. Lepping).
- GEOTAIL observed interplanetary field turn southward just after 22 UT

Indices and Estimated Geophysical Parameters

Cosmic Ray (Neutron Monitor) Indices near 100% all stations, except Thule where index drops to 98%.
- Daily Ap: 15
- Hourly Ap ?? (Avg)
- Kp Sum: 15-
- Kp in 6 range
- Polar Cap Index = 4 nT
- Auroral Boundary Index = 61 deg
- Dst ~5 nT
- Hemispheric Power Index (HPI): ??
  (Solar Geophysical Data and other sources)
AMIE estimates
- AE: 800 nT
- Polar Cap Voltage: PCP rose to 80 kV
- Hemispheric Particle Power: 50 GW (avg)
- Joule Heating: 120 GW (avg)
Weimer estimated Polar Cap Voltage 154 kV at 2230 UT
MSM estmated Polar Cap Voltage ??
( B. Emery and D. Knipp, J. Freeman and D. Weimer )

Magnetosphere

Beyond Geosynchronous Orbit - no data
Geosynchronous Orbit
- At ~2230 UT LANL geosynchronous satellite (located 1/2 hr pre-noon MLT) observed plasmaspheric density increase indicating a deeper penetration into plasmasphere (MPA)?
- Large morning-side anisotropies in ion and electron plasmasheet, Perp > Ppara(MPA)
- Penetrating energetic particle background remained low (MPA)
- High energy electrons present at geosynchronous orbit (MPA &GOES) (LANL MPA and SOPA Team, J. Borovsky, M. Thompson, and H. Singer)
Below Geosynchronous Orbit
- Enhancement of precipitating relativistic electrons at L = 5.5 - 6.5 (SAMPEX) (X. Li)
- AKEBONO estimates of plasmasheet temperature (from precipitating particles) remain at ~1.5 keV (T. Obara)
Magnetospheric Modeling
- MSM indicates particle injection at geosynchronous?? orbit at ?? UT??
- MSM indicates electron (10 - 35 keV) and ?? keV proton buildup post-midnight (J. Freeman et al.).

Inner Plasmasphere

Inner plasmasphere quiet (or not observed?) (G. Hoogeveen)

Ionosphere

Space-based

DMSP cross polar cap voltages rise to 70 kV (M. Hairston).
DMSP and NOAA particles indicate auroral oval expansion (Data: F. Rich and D. Evans, Interpretations: D. Knipp).

Ground-based

SuperDARN coherent scatter radars observe strong afternoon convection vortex development at 22 UT (M. Rouhoniemi and K. Baker).

Ionospheric Mapping

Normal two cell convection pattern expansion began at 2210 UT (AMIE and MSM).
Auroral oval expansion began shortly after 22 UT (D. Knipp, B. Emery and J. Freeman)
Rapid Rise of Polar Cap Voltage at 2230 UT to 154 kV (D. Weimer).

(23 UT)

Storm Regime

DST < 0 Main phase

Commentary

IMP-8 and GEOTAIL observed field strength and density again rose sharply. Field orientation changed to strongly southward.
IMP-8 observed strong rotations in Bx and Bz components and a total magnetic field intensity increase coincident with a marked density enhancement. The same disturbance apparently moved the magnetotail over GEOTAIL satellite for a short interval.
Simultaneously the Noon MLT LANL geosynchronous satellite encountered the magnetopause. Magnetosheath density at stagnation point greater than 100/cc.
SAMPEX satellite observed initial decrease in relativistic energetic electron fluxes at 2330 UT.
All indices indicated steeply rising geomagnetic activity.
(D. Knipp and contributing scientists)

Interplanetary Plasma, Field, and Satellite Location

Plasma
- IMP-8 recorded sudden increase in interplanetary plasma density from ~20/cc to ~75 /cc-100/cc at ~2310 UT.
- Interplanetary plasma speeds at IMP-8 became somewhat erratic varying between 300 km/s and 450 km/s, then rising sharply to 500 km/s just prior to 2350 UT (Data from A. Lazarus)
- GEOTAIL recorded a density increase to 23/cc after the magnetotail withdrew from the GEOTAIL location at ~2355 UT.
- Interplanetary speeds at GEOTAIL rose from 450 km/s to 500 km/s.
- Magnetotail moved over GEOTAIL satellite for brief period.
- Variations in the flow speed and sign in the Y and Z directions produced rapid flow angle changes at GEOTAIL after satellite exited magnetotail (M. Nakamura and T. Mukai)
- GEOTAIL EPIC instrument began recording small increases in solar wind primary ion fluxes as well as He+2 fluxes. (T. Lui)
Field
- IMP-8 Interplanetary field orientation (as measured in in magnetosheath):
  - Rapid rotations in Bx and Bz components during density enhancement.
  - Simultaneous Bx, By and Bz variations gave indications of passage of a small, but intense magnetic structure.
- Bz steady at ~ -35 nT for 25 minute interval, Bt reached 40 nT (Data from R. Lepping, Interpretation by D. Knipp).
- GEOTAIL in magnetotail during rapid, IMP-8 observed field variations.
- GEOTAIL total magnetic intensity jumped to 23 nT (Data: S. Kokubun, Interpretation: M. Nakamura and D. Knipp).

Indices and Estimated Geophysical Parameters

Cosmic Ray (Neutron Monitor) Indices near 1-2% all stations.
Ap (Avg)
- Daily: 15
- Hourly: ??
Kp
- Sum: 15-
- Range: < 6 <
Polar Cap Index = 8 nT
Auroral Boundary Index = 60 deg
Dst ~ -50 nT
HPI ??
(Solar Geophysical Data and other sources)
AMIE estimates (B. Emery and D. Knipp)
- AE: 1100 nT
- Polar Cap Voltage: 100 kV
- Hemispheric Particle Power: 120 GW (avg)
- Joule Heating: 300 GW (avg)
Weimer estimated Polar Cap Voltage falling from 154 kV at 2230 UT to 112 kV at 2354 UT
MSM estmated Polar CapVoltage 125 kV
(B. Emery and D. Knipp, J. Freeman and D. Weimer)

Magnetosphere

Beyond Geosynchronous Orbit - GEOTAIL satellite encountered the magnetotail at ~2315 UT
Geosynchronous Orbit
- Noon MLT LANL geosynchronous satellite encountered the magnetopause at 2310 UT
- Satellite made multiple magnetopuase crossings during 23 UT - 00 UT
- Plasmaspheric material existed at magnetopause (MPA)
- Magnetosheath density at stagnation point greater than 100/cc, Perp > Ppara(MPA)
- Penetrating energetic particle background remained low (MPA)
- High energy electrons (E range?) depleted at geosynchronous orbit(MPA)
  (LANL MPA and SOPA Team, J. Borovsky, M. Thompson)
- High energy electrons (E > 2 MeV) depleted (GOES) (H. Singer)
Below Geosynchronous Orbit
- Initial drop of relativistic electrons fluxes (E> 3 Mev) at ~2330 UT at L = 3-7 (SAMPEX ) (X. Li)
Magnetospheric Modeling
- MSM indicates electron (10 - 35 keV) and ?? keV proton buildup post-midnight (J. Freeman et al.)

Inner Plasmasphere

Inner plasmasphere quiet (or not observed)(G. Hoogeveen)

Ionosphere

Space-based

DMSP cross polar cap voltages ~ 120 kV (M. Hairston)
DMSP and NOAA particles indicate expanded auroral oval (Data: F. Rich and D. Evans, Interpretations: D. Knipp)

Ground-based

SuperDARN coherent scatter radars observe large convection flow speed enhancements and overall expansion of convection pattern in afternoon sector (M. Rouhoniemi and K. Baker)
Millstone Hill Incoherent Scatter Radar recorded prompt onset of precipitation-produced ionization at lower F-Region heights near L = 4 in evening sector and development of deep ionization trough at L = 3.5. Hard precipitation was indicated in the region of L = 4 which coincided with depletion of outer zone radiation belt particle precipitation (dumping) observed by SAMPEX (J. Foster)
Evening substorm absorption event observed by Sondrestrom riometer began near 23 UT (P. Stauning)
1000 nT bays observed by ground magnetometers in Mag 210 deg Chain (Yumoto and K. Shiokawa)
500- 800 nT bays observed by IMAGE and Greenland Magnetometer Arrays (H. Leuhr, E. Friis-Christensen P. Stauning and T. Morreto)
300-500 nT bays observed by CANOPUS and MACCS Magnetotmer Arrays in North America (G. Rostoker and J. Hughes)
Induced currents of 10-15 Amps flowed in 400 kV transformer at Perttikowski Finland (A Viljanen)
Voltages fluctuations in trans-oceanic cables began (L. Lanzarotti)

Ionospheric Mapping

Auroral Oval underwent dramatic expansion
Cross polar cap voltage peak near 100 kV (D. Knipp, B. Emery and J. Freeman)
Polar Cap Voltage drooped momentarily to 112 kV at 2354 UT and then began another rise (D. Weimer)

--Revised, Wednesday, 24 July 1996 by bill@ncar.ucar.edu